Unwanted transfer of knowledge and technology: sometimes a dual agenda of cooperation is consciously used to gain strategically important knowledge in order to benefit economically or militarily from the development of certain technologies, with a potential risk to the security of the knowledge potential and innovative power of a country or region. RS relates mostly to domains in which the targeted country/institution/researcher has a special strength or world class. In extreme situations, it can be espionage or the violation of intellectual property rights.
Interference (foreign interference): It concerns influencing researchers, research results/publications, for example to justify one's own policy or malicious acts, or also to make certain cooperation impossible through self-censorship. Values such as academic freedom and scientific integrity are under pressure. Sometimes it is also about censoring certain research topics.
Mis-use of research results: unethical use of research results violating human rights, development of military applications or support of criminal activities.
